Fuel Oil

Types of diezel fuel

Diesel fuel - One of the most popular oil. Diesel fuel. is cheaper than Gasoline, Average fuel consumption in diesel engines by 25-30% lower than gasoline . High reliability and efficiency of diesel engines to justify their widespread use , and it leads to what the needs of the world market in diesel fuel are estimated in millions tons per year. These volumes not only stimulate the increase in production of primary raw material for diesel fuel - oil, but also accelerate the development of the technological base of its processing. Production of diesel fuel - a major sector oil and gas , characterized by high profitability of investments and the ever increasing need for the application of modern scientific technologies .
Differences , standards and specifications DT
There are three brands of diesel fuel - a summer fuel ( LBD ) , winter ( DTG ) and Arctic (DTA ). The main parameters determining the membership of the fuel to one or another brand, are the temperature range in which the fuel can be used , the flash point and pour point. According to GOST 305-82 , summer fuel intended for use at a temperature of 0 ° C and above, freezes it at -10 ° C. Winter can withstand temperatures ranging from -20 ° C and above , or from -30 ° C (depending on the purpose for which climatic zones - a cold or mild - it is produced , using different additives ) and freezes at -35 ° C or - 45 ° C. Arctic diesel fuel has the greatest resistance to frost. It is used at temperatures from -50 ° C and freezes at -55 ° C.

Brands differ in sulfur content - up to 0.2 % by volume for the LBD , and 0.5 % for Graves' disease , and to 0.4 % for DTA. It should be noted that the presence of sulfur in the composition is justified - the higher it is , the better the lubricity characteristics of fuel. But sulfur - the main source of harmful compounds in the exhaust , because there is a need to limit the amount of this element.

There are also rules that are common to all grades . Cetane number - the conditional characteristic reflecting properties of the ignition of diesel fuel - can not be below 45% (100% is considered to be the properties of pure cetane , as measured value of by comparing the the test fuel with the properties of a mixture of cetane in a- methylnaphthalene , the cetane number is equal to 0 ). It must not contain hydrogen sulfide, water-soluble acids , bases, solids , or water, must withstand corrosive to copper to GOST 6321-92 (ISO 2160-85 ).

In practice, winter , summer , or Arctic diesel fuel differ in their density. Summer fuel is obtained by distillation of crude oil at temperatures up to 360 ° C, winter - up to 340 ° C, the Arctic - to 330 ° C. The higher the temperature of distillation, the higher the density, the higher the pour point of the final product .

Use fuel at a temperature lower than the recommended , it is risky . It crystallizes , and it will lead to clogging the fuel pump and hoses, or even damage them. In this case, start the engine without serious repair just can not. The use of winter fuel during the summer the motor will not hurt , but will cause increased smoke exhaust , increase harmful emissions . Motor power will be lower than using the correct grade diesel fuel .

Diesel - the use and production
Conducted numerous studies to improve the characteristics of diesel fuel and reducing its cost. Currently, there are many different additives that change its properties. When processing fuel various additives can be substantially reduced pour point , improved cetane number improves the combustion efficiency and reduced smoke emissions. Summer fuel with a minimum threshold of -5 ° C on average cheaper than the winter in of 15-18% (according to prices in February LBD - 11,200 rubles per ton, DTG - 14200 rubles per ton). Additives themselves are quite expensive , but they provide a reduction of allowable temperature for the LBD at 10-15 ° C. As a result , the total price of the mixture in a ratio of 1:1000 can be higher than the price of pure LBD only 50-60 cents per liter, which is very beneficial economically. There are also anti-wear additives that increase lubricity characteristics of diesel fuel . It is worth noting that despite the enormous scientific potential of our country's fuel energy , the majority of additives on the domestic market - foreign production, and some of them may have side effects , poor combined with motor oil and additives other types.

In recent years, experts predict a substantial increase in production in our country DT and additives that are not inferior in quality than the imported models. This is due , according to experts ' Petroleum Club of St. Petersburg , primarily to the fact that in Russia between 2003 and 2010 , according to a draft federal law "Special technical regulations "On requirements for gasoline , diesel and other fuels and lubricants materials ", introduced rules that meet the Euro 2, Euro 3 and Euro 4. This means that the minimum cetane number in diesel fuel will increase to 51%, and tightened requirements for the content of the fuel sulfur. In Russia , as in most developing countries , the sulfur content limit of 0.2 % for the year and 0.5% for winter fuel, and in the EU maximum allowable rate - 0.001 %. Improving these characteristics greatly reduce fuel consumption and lead to fewer toxic compounds in exhaust gases. On the other hand , the tightening of standards will inevitably complicate the process of obtaining fuel and raise the cost of a liter to 1-2 rubles. Price increases can be avoided only by introducing new , breakthrough technologies.

an alternative raw material for diesel fuel is in many countries. Now for summer diesel fuel use , in addition to oil and natural gas , heating oil, which by its fractional composition is heavier and denser than diesel , DT expired , contaminated with microorganisms or having signs of separation , waste oil and other petroleum products. For the production of winter fuel feedstock can be unstable gas condensate - liquid mixture of high-boiling hydrocarbons, isolated from natural gases. Winter diesel fuel can be obtained by processing the summer . In this case, the summer fuel is subjected to the second distillation at temperatures up to 340 ° C , lowering viscosity and improving the frost . The cost of diesel produced from alternative raw materials , almost equal to the cost of conventional fuels . Moreover, the processing of ready-made products easier to technology that allows you to take advantage of this method.

Biodiesel - a technological breakthrough
Recent developments - the technology of diesel fuel from vegetable oils (soy , palm , rapeseed , sunflower ). In Europe, this technology has been patented already in 2001 , there are examples of its industrial use. The cost of fuel produced in this way , many times less . It also has lots of positive differences . One of them is a high lubricity , extending engine life. Fuels based on natural ingredients clean, in soil or water, it undergoes a complete biodegradable for 1 month and will not cause harm to the environment. Biodiesel has an initially high cetane number - 56-58 %, and its ignition temperature - 100 ° C , which reduces its explosive and flammable than petroleum , and in many ways makes it easier to transport. Like regular diesel, biodiesel is produced for different temperature regimes. In Germany, for example , there are three brands - " Summer "( from 0 ° C and above ), " Autumn Spring "( to -10 ° C ) and winter ( -20 ° C ). In the production of winter and autumn varieties are often used additives designed specifically for biodiesel.

Massive use of biodiesel as a separate fuel for diesel engines prevents while only the resulting for some need changes in their design. Nevertheless, the EU plans by 2010 to increase the share of diesel fuel derived from plant components, to 5,75 %, strongly encourage the introduction of technologies to produce biodiesel , creates legal and economic basis for the further development of environmentally friendly fuels . Of course , biodiesel - the best substitute for existing fuels based on oil and gas. With regard to the traditional synthetic diesel fuel , then, for the boldest predictions, by the middle of this century, its share will not exceed 40-45 % of the total world output.

About the Author

I am CFO of a group of companies Hozpromtorg, business profile sale of petroleum products

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