Coal Stove
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 Victorian trade card INVINCIBLE COAL STOVE 1890s  US $14.50
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Development and testing of back-up stove for solar dryers and solar air heaters
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The low solar radiation during winter and rainy season give rise to a need for backup heating source for solar dryers and solar air heaters. The backup charcoal stove consists of three main components, the stove, heat-exchanger and chimney. The stove is made up of the burner and ash tray. The burner is pyramidal with holes along the slanted height for air delivery to the heat-exchanger. Holes at the bottom of the burner allows for easy air circulation and the ash tray for collecting ashes. The heat exchanger is shell and tube type. The chimney has rectangular cross section; it is connected to one end of the shell side of the heat exchanger. The chimney has a rectangular hole at its upper end which serves as an exit for the flue gases.
A fan located at the ash tray blows air through holes at the bottoms of the burner which forced flue gases to pass through a duct located at the slanted side of the burner into the shell side of the heat exchanger. In the heat exchanger, heat is exchanged between the hot flue gases in the shell and ambient air in the tube. The flue gases lost heat whereas ambient air gain heat and transport it to the drying chamber for meat drying.
SIGNIFICANCE
To be use during winter and rainy season when there is low solar radiation
2.0 METHODOLOGY
The development and testing of backup charcoal stove involves the following steps:
- Collecting information about calorific value of charcoal and its suitability as the heat source.
- Designing each component of the backup stove (i.e stove, heat exchanger and chimney).
- Selective of suitable materials for the construction of each component.
- Construction of individual component.
- Assembly and testing of the system.
3.0 DESIGN OF A BACKUP CHARCOAL STOVE
The three components of the backup stove are:
- Stove, Heat-exchanger and Chimney.
3.1 STOVE
The stove supply heat to the shell side of the heat-exchanger. It is made up of;
- Burner and ash tray
3.2 HEAT EXCHANGER
The heat source to the exchanger is burning charcoal. Charcoal burning temperature is around 600oC. From the chimney calculations, the exhaust temperature is 100oC. Ambient air enters the tube side of the exchanger at 25oC and is expected to leave at 65oC.
3.3 CHIMNEY
The stoichiometric air fuel ratio for efficient burning of coal is 11:1(Jidda, 1998). That is m = 11Kg air/kg of fuel. M is the mass of air in Kg used for each Kg of fuel.
DESIGN CALCULATION
TABLE 1
Parameter
Equations
Values
Reference
Average calorific value of charcoal
(C V)
30MJ/kg
Kulla D, 2003
Heat required (Q)
10155.47kJ
Actual heat supply
20310.94kJ
Mass of Charcoal required (M)
0.68kg
Rate of fuel consumption (R)
0.08kg/hr
Volume of Charcoal required (Vc)
Height of stove (h)
0.163m
Length of the burner plate
Pythagoras theorem
0.17m
Overall heat-transfer coefficient (Uo)
58.97W/m2 oC
Linear velocity (Um)
20.24m/s
Heat gain by the cold side (Qc)
115.19kJ
Mass flowrate of hot fluid (mh)
Surface area of pipes(A)
0.0101m2
Length of pipe (l)
0.25m
Total heat transfer rate (Q)
115.06W
The actual exit temperature through the chimney (Th,out)
99.74oC
Actual temperature into the drying chamber
65oC
Draught (h)
2.99N/m2
Brennan et al, 1981
Actual height (H’)
0.295m
4.0 CONSTRUCTION AND ASSEMBLY
The design specifications above were used to construct each component of the back-up stove. Theses components were assemble together
FIGURE 1. BACK-UP STOVE DIAGRAM
5.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
5.1 NO LOAD TEST USING SOLID FUEL STOVE ONLY
This was also carried out in the new campus of Bayero University, Kano on 22nd October 2007 and the following readings were obtained.
APPARATUS
Solarimeter and wet and dry bulb liquid in glass thermometers
PROCEDURE
- 1Kg of charcoal was added into the stove and fire was lighted.
- After 15minutes the stove fan was on.
- Wet and dry bulb thermometers were attached to the chamber inlet and drying chamber exit.
- Solar radiation and temperatures were measured and recorded every 30minutes
TABLE 2 NO LOAD TEST USING CHARCOAL STOVE ONLY
Time
Ta(oC)
Chamber
Exit air
Tc(oC)
RH1(%)
Te(oC)
RH2(%)
9:00am
32
40
46
36
51
10:00am
32
50
30
38
48
10:30am
32
54
23
39
36
11:00am
33
58
20
42
29
11:30am
34
62
14
45
23
12:00noon
34
62
14
48
22
12:30pm
34
62
14
49
21
1:00pm
34
62
14
50
20
1:30pm
34
62
14
50
20
2:00pm
34
62
14
50
20
2:30pm
34
62
14
52
19
3:00pm
34
62
14
52
19
5.2 Load testing using fossil fuel stove with charcoal as fuel.
The test was carried out at new campus of Bayero University, Kano on 25th October 2007, and the following readings were obtained. The test was carried out on 3mm thick slice of Kilishi. The ratio of water to mix-powder by volume is 30:70.
AIM
To dry Kilishi.
OBJECTIVES
- To find the drying time.
- To find percentage moisture removed.
- To calculate drying efficiency.
APPARATUS
Solarimeter, wet and dry bulb liquid in glass thermometers, stirrer, weight balance and 1Kg of Charcoal
PROCEDURE
- 1Kg of charcoal was added into the stove and fire was set.
- After 15minutes the stove fan was on.
- The meat was arranged on the drying trays in the drying chamber.
- Wet and dry bulb thermometers were attached to the chamber inlet and drying chamber exit.
- The drying chamber door was closed and the weight lost was monitored by measuring the weight of the sample after 2hours interval
- The percentage moisture loss was calculated at each interval.
- When the moisture content of the sample is around 14%, it was removed from the chamber and dipped into prepared mix-powder solution.
- The mixture was returned to the drying chamber and the drying process continued.
- The sample weight was measured after each hour.
- The percentage moisture loss was calculated at each interval
- Solar radiation, relative humidity, sample mass and temperatures were measured and recorded every 30minutes
TABLE 3; LOADS TESTING USING CHARCOAL STOVE
Time
Ta(oC)
Chamber
Exit air
Ms(Kg)
Tc(oC)
RH1(%)
Te(oC)
RH2(%)
STAGE 1 DRYING PROCESS
9:00am
33
48
33
40
54
3.02
10:00am
33
51
29
39
56
11:00am
34
54
23
43
44
1.87
12:00noon
34
56
22
48
33
1:00pm
35
56
22
52
27
1.09
STAGE 2 DRYING PROCESS
1:30pm
35
62
14
56
22
2.2
2:00pm
35
60
18
48
33
2.08
3:00pm
35
62
14
49
32
1.9
4:00pm
34
62
14
55
25
1.73
Equilibrium moisture before second stage drying is
Therefore final moisture content of the Kilishi is
Mass of Charcoal left = 0.47Kg
Back-up stove efficiency
TABLE 4
Parameters
Equations
Values
References
Back-up efficiency
0.0714
PMR
Stage 1, PMR = 63.9%
Stage 2, PMR = 21.36%
Final moisture content
7.07%
Mass of Charcoal left
0.47kg
6.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 CONCLUSION
A back-up stove for use with solar dryers and solar air heaters was developed and tested. The testing was carried-out using solar Kilishi dryer. The performance of stove was evaluated as follows: 3.02Kg of fresh meat was dried to 1.73Kg of Kilishi in seven hours. The back-up stove efficiency is 7.14%. The mass of charcoal used to dry 3.02Kg of fresh meat is 0.55Kg of charcoal.
6.2 RECOMMENDATION
In order to improve the performance of the stove, the following measures are recommended.
- Improve the lining of the stove by using high heat resistance materials.
- Replacing charcoal with coal due to its high calorific value.
REFERENCES
1. Kulla D.M., (2003),”Development of an improved charcoal stove”, M.Eng(Energy Engineering) Thesis, Bayero University, Kano, pp. 20-42.
2. Brennan J.G., Butter J. R., Cowell D. and Lilly A.E.V.,(1981), “Food Engineering Operations”, 2nd edition, Applied Science Publishers, pp.228-320.
3. Rajput R.K., (2006), “Heat and Mass Transfer”, Revised Edition, S. Chand and Company Ltd, pp. 563-658.
4. Wecati O.M., (1985), “heat Transfer”, Basic Approach, 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, pp.524-571.
5. Ndrika V.I.O., (1998), “Development and Performance Evaluation of Charcoal Fired Cooking Stove”, Nigerian Journal of Renewable Energy, Volume 10, number 1, pp.72-77.
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